Introduction to Tribal Gaming
Since a 1988 federal law first permitted them, the number of U.S. states with tribal casinos continues to climb. Whether your state has tribal gaming or not, you’ve likely had the opportunity to visit a tribal casino somewhere in the U.S.
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States with Tribal Gaming
Thirty-one of the fifty U.S. states have American Indian tribal casinos. Below, I list:
- States with tribal casinos.
- How many tribal casinos exist in each of these states.
- If the state also has Class III Vegas-style slots.
Every state listed can have Class II competition-style or bingo-style electronic gaming machines. Further, I identify which states with tribal casinos also have Class III Vegas-style electronic gaming machines. I will explain these two legal definitions in a later section. Each entry links to my regular review of the slots gaming industry in that state.
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- Alabama tribal casinos (3)
- Alaska tribal casinos (8)
- Arizona tribal casinos (25) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Arkansas tribal casinos (2)
- California tribal casinos (66) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Colorado tribal casinos (2) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Connecticut tribal casinos (2) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Florida tribal casinos (7) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Idaho tribal casinos (7) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Indiana tribal casinos (1)
- Iowa tribal casinos (3) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Kansas tribal casinos (5) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Louisiana tribal casinos (4) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Maine tribal casinos
- Michigan tribal casinos (23) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Minnesota tribal casinos (19) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Mississippi tribal casinos (3) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Montana tribal casinos (8) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Nebraska tribal casinos (4) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Nevada tribal casinos (2) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- New Mexico tribal casinos (21) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- New York tribal casinos (11) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- North Carolina tribal casinos (2) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- North Dakota tribal casinos (6) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Oklahoma tribal casinos – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Oregon tribal casinos (9) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- South Dakota tribal casinos (11) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Texas tribal casinos (2)
- Washington tribal casinos (30) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Wisconsin tribal casinos (24) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
- Wyoming tribal casinos (4) – Class III machines allowed by compact.
The state with the most tribal casinos is Oklahoma, with over 108. Oklahoma also has many other convenience stores and truck stops, which, while often relatively small, also identify as casinos.
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With 66 tribal casinos, California has the second-greatest number of tribal casinos. The only slot machines are in tribal casinos. California has no commercial casinos with slot machines, although it does have numerous card rooms with table games.
![An American Indian Petroglyph or Rock Art [Tribal Gaming]](https://professorslots.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/1-tribal-gaming.jpg)
States Getting Tribal Gaming Maybe?
Three states have their first tribal casinos pending. Arkansas, Massachusetts, and Virginia are each in the process of adding another casino, perhaps their first tribal casino.
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Various delays have impacted the establishing of these casinos. For two of them, Massachusetts and Virginia, they shortly face an unusual decision point: Will the casino be a tribal or commercial (non-tribal) casino?
In Massachusetts, ongoing delays since 2016 are due to legal issues for transferring tribal land into a trust. Whether the construction of the First Light Resort & Casino in Taunton, located 38 miles south of Boston, will begin is uncertain.
However, there is progress. The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, the city of Taunton, and the U.S. Department of Interior have mutually agreed to a deadline. A final court decision on October 18, 2019, will define the future of tribal gaming in Massachusetts.
In Virginia, the Pamunkey Indian Tribe is still searching for a suitable site since federally-recognized in 2015. Under consideration is the state capital of Richmond and in downtown Norfolk on the Chesapeake Bay.
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For years, driving an effective opposition to establishing this tribal casino in Virginia is the parent company of MGM National Harbor in nearby Maryland. Recent developments include the tribe establishing a $10 million land purchase agreement with the city of Norfolk.
Another interesting issue with tribal casinos pending in the U.S. states of Massachusetts and Virginia is choices not yet made. These pending casinos may end up as either tribal or non-tribal commercial casinos with state gaming licenses.
For the pending Massachusetts casino, the legal results of the mid-October 2019 court decision will determine the choice. The imminent Virginia casino centers on the financial terms pursued by the Pamunkey Indian Tribe in negotiation with the city council of Norfolk.
Arkansas has a tribal casino pending, hotly debated for years. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma has progressed with approvals for a tribal casino in northwest Arkansas.
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This River Valley Casino Resort in the City of Russellville in Pope County is still working through some legal issues before construction can begin. If completed, this tribal casino in Arkansas will be the state’s largest casino.
![American Indian Woman and Child from Florida [Tribal Gaming]](https://professorslots.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2-tribal-gaming.jpg)
Tribal Gaming Classifications
The gaming regulatory framework for tribal gaming at the federal level is thanks to the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988. One requirement of this Act is that tribes can only offer games that are already legal within their state. For example, if all gambling is illegal, a tribe cannot open a tribal casino.
This stipulation becomes vital regarding the skill-based games of bingo and poker. If bingo is not illegal in a state, then tribes can open a community bingo hall without a negotiated tribal-state compact.
For example, Alaska and Maine have tribal bingo halls only.
Besides community bingo halls, tribes in states where bingo is legal often open a tribal casino with bingo-style electronic gaming machines. This approach is a well-trodden legal path.
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However, what about the skill-based game of poker? Might this precedent apply to electronic games of poker? Not so fast. States began to object to tribal casinos offering video poker (VP) machines. States often interpret VP machines as Class III Vegas-style gambling.
What’s under discussion here is the legal definition of gambling. Each state defines what is and is not gambling. For instance, Nebraska states all gambling is illegal. However, feel free to enjoy any of the 21 locations in Nebraska offering video keno, video blackjack, and video poker. Why? Because, per Nebraska state law, they are not gambling.
While each state defines gambling for itself, one federal law classifies gaming machines for all states. The IGRA of 1988 is a federal law with legal gaming classifications.
While this Act is about and for regulating tribal gaming in the U.S., it is a federal law. Any gaming definitions it provides at the national level make them applicable across all the states. While it does not give a legal description of poker as gambling, for instance, it does contain three broad classifications for gaming machines.
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In brief, these three gaming classifications are:
All tribes have traditional ceremonies – part of what makes them a tribe. Class II games are legal if the state doesn’t prohibit that specific game, like bingo. This allowance applies to electronic gaming machines based on bingo and the table game of bingo.
Class III applies to games of chance. It’s also something of a catch-all. Another way to define Class III games is anything that is neither Class I nor Class II.
One final note about Class II versus Class III electronic gaming machines: They can be challenging to tell apart. You can tell the difference between these machines by whether the player chooses an action during gameplay.
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Many tribal casinos have better financial terms for skill-based machines, so they’ve eliminated all their chance-based devices. Others have negotiated compacts with similar financial terms, so they offer a mix of the two types of gaming machines.
Classifying a gaming machine, in terms of winning slot strategies, matters. However, knowing the difference is a casino-by-casino decision. Understand what your tribal casino is offering so you understand the basics of the machine on which you’re trying to win.
![A Collection of Dreamcatcher Talismans [Tribal Gaming]](https://professorslots.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/3-tribal-gaming.jpg)
Understanding Class II Versus Class III Slot Machines
If a tribal casino exists, it can offer Class II games. Further, if the tribe has negotiated a tribal-state gaming compact, their tribal casino offers various table games, Class III games, or both. Much depends upon the terms of the agreement.
Twenty-seven of 31 U.S. states with tribal casinos offer Class III gaming machines. Of these 27 states, only Nebraska does not offer traditional slot machines. Nebraska limits its gaming machines to video keno, video blackjack, and video poker.
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The states with a successfully negotiated tribal-state gaming compact allowing some or all their tribal casinos to offer Class III Vegas-style gaming machines are above. Check each state’s link for essential details about their tribal casino offerings.
The tribal status of casinos in Arkansas, Massachusetts, and Virginia is pending. Once a decision is known for them, I’ll update the state list above as appropriate.
![Kinishba Ruins in Eastern Arizona [Tribal Gaming]](https://professorslots.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/4-tribal-gaming.jpg)
Learning from Tribal-State Gaming Compacts
Reviewing a state’s gaming regulations for commercial casinos is a way to learn how that state protects players to make sure slot machines are fair. A similar learning approach for tribal casinos is to review their tribal-state gaming compacts. But where are they?
Negotiated tribal-state gaming compacts aren’t always publicly available. When they are available, however, the first place to look is at the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). The IGRA of 1988 established the NIGC to regulate the tribal gaming industry.
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The NIGC website links to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) tribal compact database at the U.S. Department of the Interior. The searchable database has more than just compacts, however. It also provides numerous related documents by year, state, and tribe.
I’d recommend searching by state, as gaming compacts get updated as technologies change. For example, ticket-in/ticket-out replacing coins needed regulatory guidelines, which, in turn, drove compact updates. Plus, most gaming compacts expire over time.
However, I’ve noticed that not all available tribal-state gaming compacts make it to the national BIA database. If the compact you are looking for isn’t there, try looking for them online at the state gaming control board.
State gaming commissions often exist even when there are no commercial casinos, but only tribal casinos, in the state. It’s another way to provide oversight as a service or in partnership with the tribes. See my state-by-state online resource for links to each state with its gaming commission.
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The third place to look for tribal-state gaming compacts is on the website of the tribe owning the tribal casino. Not all tribes have a website, and not all make their gaming compacts publicly available, but it’s worth checking as a last resort.
![Mesa Verde National Park in Southwest Colorado [Tribal Gaming]](https://professorslots.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/5-tribal-gaming.jpg)
Summary of Tribal Gaming
The federal IGRA of 1988 provided a regulatory framework for tribal gaming, including establishing a national gaming commission for tribal casinos. Thirty-one U.S. states have tribal gaming, with potential tribal casinos pending in Arkansas, Massachusetts, and Virginia.
